Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Recognizing Contract Risk and Opportunities Essay

Recognizing Contract Risk and Opportunities - Essay Example The reviewing officials, upon receipt of the request will review the performance evaluation and any supporting documentation and may meet with you and/or me, if deemed appropriate. With in 15 work days of receipt of the request, the receiving official will issue a written response to either uphold the performance, evaluation rating or direct that the evaluation be revised The one year contract between Span System and C-S is $6 million. This is C-S bigger e-CRM order in the pipeline, and the chances of Span System to getting the order lies in the contract performance. Leon Ther, the IT outsourcing director, is an influential personality, is one among the top negotiator of C-S. Span. After eight months of the project, problems started to set in. Spans deliverables have been behind schedule of the last couple of months. In the manner of quality, C-S had detected that the quality of the deliverables are unacceptable , or of low quality. Leon Ther, addressing his letter to Kevin Grant, he said that C-S can nit afford to have schedule slips due to its deadline for the release of a transaction software in the market. Leon Ther had no other alternative but to ask for the immediate transfer of all unfinished code and asserter rescission of the contract by C-S. Problems at both ends are now arising. The user and the system have now grown since the determination of the study in the planning stage, thus making it difficult for the accommodation of the agreed upon and cost and the timelines. Since the ordinary requirement changes had been agreed to in the contract, the actual change had been ordinary. Due to C-S change in its project management structure, the approval and review times had been affected. Neither of the two parties may cancel the agreement, it is because subsequent to more than 50% of the consideration having been tendered by the other. Since more than 505 of the project schedule had elapsed, C-s may not rescind the contract. Mere

Monday, October 28, 2019

Women In The Military Essay Example for Free

Women In The Military Essay Women in the military has been a controversial topic for many years now, and the roles they play in the armed services. In this paper I will discuss the roles women have occupied, and if they should be allowed to participate on the front lines in war. This has been a topic receiving more attention as the years progress. It used to be never customary for women to be involved in war in any way, but as civil rights has been more of an issue so has women going to war. The women want to be equal to men, but the question is can they handle doing what the men can do on the front lines. It is well known women provide good services and do a fine jobs working up the ranks in the military. They have grown in numbers and have gained more respect in recent years by using their knowledge and skills. However, they are still not prevalent in mass numbers during fighting in battles of war. I will try to balance out the positives and negatives of this topic then give my personal opinion on this widely discussed issue. It has been longed believed that men are suppose to be the warriors and the ones who fight to protect his family or country. That has been the basic theory for all the past years, so the women had no influence on war at all. Even back in the civil war days women had no part in the war in any way. They were expected to take care of the kids and the house hold has the men went off to fight. They did not even realize what was really going on, because they had knowledge how war was fought. This has been the way because of womens physical characteristics. In general women are not as big or strong as men, so they have been considered weak and not able to battle. For the maturity of women compared to men that is a true statement. They do not have the physical size, strength, or speed as men do for the most part. There are always exceptions, but for maturity that is a basic fact. The physical characteristic differences in women from men defiantly play a major part in them not fighting in the front the lines. When people go to war they carry extremely heavy backpacks on their backs all the time. Those backpacks are how they survive in the times they are not near their bases. Those packs are also very heavy along with all the clothes they have to wear as well. Most women could not travel with those packs on there backs for to long with out becoming fatigue then naturally slowing the group the down. The military eliminates men or women that would slow them down in battle, because time is of essence. The women would also have a hard time handling the guns the military uses. They use heavy machinery and powerful weapons that are difficult to handle. It is not an easy job to hold a gun in place when it kicks back every time the trigger is pulled. Most women would just become too fatigued, since there physical characteristics are not equal to men, so that therefore would be a negative affect with women on the front lines. The number of women in the armed forces has grown dramatically since World War II. During WWII women were mostly nurses so were suppose to take care of men. However, as America went deeper into the war, the women needed to play greater roles. They were called on to work in factories to build the weapons needed, and take more responsibilities in the medical teams. After WWII of course the civil rights movement started to grow stronger for more women rights. Women felt they could be more than just a housewife or a nurse. Some women went into the working field, while others wanted to be in the military. By the time the Gulf War started in the early 1990s there were numerous amounts of women in all areas of the armed forces. Women proved themselves to be disciplined and tough in the military, as well as sources of knowledge. Women think about things and see some situations differently than men. They can bring a new perspective to things, which helps develop better strategies in war. Women now have high ranks in all the armed forces and help protect America as well as any man. Women are also a lot more emotional than men are. This is another reason why women shouldnt be in the military, especially during times of war. They could not fight being all emotional. Once again for the maturity men can put on a tougher face and do the job without worrying what they are doing, while they are doing it. It is not an easy task for any sane person to kill someone or watch someone die without having some sort of emotion. However, they have to look past that for the time being or they could be in danger for letting there guard down. It is much more likely for women to care too much about the people dieing next to them when it happens. The group has to be willing to let that person go and continue at the task at hand. For the most part men can look past that persons death, without having to cry or worry about it while there still fighting. Most women could not handle what occurs in war. Womens numbers in the military has increased a lot because they have one many civil rights battles, and the fact there are a number of jobs available in the military other than actual combat. The military needs more to be successful than just good fighters. More jobs have opened up since the advancing technology and number of people in the military. The military offers excellent educational opportunities and other jobs such as engineers, scientists, doctors, lawyers, journalist, writers, accountants, and etcetera. With all those different jobs needed in the military in some way, there has been a lot of openings. Women can achieve just as good education or better than men, and have the opportunity to acquire those jobs. This benefits the military greatly because there is a variety, which can only help increase brain power. Traditionally through out time women are not supposed to fight in war. Women were thought of to never have what it takes to be a warrior in the eyes of men. They were not as big, strong, fast, or smart was the theory. Even Aristotle and Plato developed theories how women did not have enough courage or virtue to be able to fight. They felt they lacked that killer instinct. Basically, it has just been custom for men to battle and be the provider and for the women to take care of the home. Times are changing where women are equal to men, but it is hard to break something that has held true for so many years. Another positive to women fighting though is it increases the number of people. In theory if there are more people on one side chances are they are going to win the war. The army could just out number the opponent, so they could just dominate that way. It would be more intimating to fight with a lot more people than normal, and the enemy would be more likely to back down. Also something holds true about the saying safety in numbers. It is never good to have soldiers killed in battle, but the more people you have the more people you can afford to loose without being overrun by lack of numbers. Throughout this paper I have shown some of the positive and negative aspects of women in the military, especially women going into war. After researching this topic I have developed my own opinion on this issue. I now believe women are needed in the military to perform several jobs, but I do not feel they should be in battle. There are a number of opportunities to take advantage of in the military, where one will never have to go to war. People can work with intelligence agencies, on the medical staff, scientists, or professional jobs such as doctors, lawyers, or journalists. Women can filll the need for these jobs and others just as well as a man could. However, I believe in the traditional thinking that women should not be in battle. I also dont think they have the physical capabilities to handle war. There are some that could, but war is too physically and emotionally demanding for the maturity of women to handle.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Formal Analysis of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Good

A Formal Analysis of Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" is an interesting short story that creatively tells two stories at once. One story is of a man leaving his wife one night and venturing into the woods, and the other is of his struggle with his religious faith. In reading this story, it is beneficial for one to look at it from a formalistic point of view. Formal analysis makes the reader look closely at how a story is written to see its deeper meaning. Hawthorne takes advantage of careful word choice and images to create a picture of one man's journey that can easily parallel our own. The word choice of every story plays a key role in understanding the story. In "Young Goodman Brown" almost every word contains a special meaning. The title Hawthorne gives to his story is simple and informative; it tells the reader right away that the focus of the story is a young man. The use of the name Brown is also significant. The name is universal so that it can relate to anyone (Rhetoric 102L class discussion, January 15 2001). The fact that his title is Goodman, instead of Mister, suggests that it took place around colonial times. The name of his wife, Faith, is a clue held in the opening paragraph of the text that gives the reader and idea of what the story is about. Though out the story Goodman Brown says phrases such as, "Faith kept me back a while," which on the surface looks as though he is talking about his wife; however just below the surface he is talking about how his faith in God that kept him from heading towards the Devil. (HCAL 376). Caref... ...odman Brown goes is also significant. The Puritans believed that the witches and even the Devil lived in the woods, which can be a hint foreshadowing what Goodman Brown will find in the forest. "Young Goodman Brown" is full of carefully selected words. Each place, item, and name described is significant to the story. The word, faith, has two functions, a name and a belief. Images such as the pink ribbons and the staff are useful for more than their everyday function. Hawthorne knows the power of words and chooses wisely, thus creating a story that, when looked at beyond the surface, has a completely new meaning. - (Guerin, Wilfered; Labor, Earle; Morgan, Lee; Reesman, Jeanne; Willingham, John, A Handbook of Critical Appraches to Literature, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999.)

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Assimilationism vs. Multiculturalism Essay example -- Assimilationism

Assimilationism vs. Multiculturalism In the words of Thomas Bray, "Should we "assimilate" to one standard, or should we "celebrate" diversity?" This is a popular question in America's classrooms today. America, known as the melting pot, is made up of many different colors, races, religions, and beliefs. American professors, journalists, and authors would like to know if multiculturalism has a positive effect on children in today's classrooms. Whether or not the student's way of life and personal experiences should be discussed in class is a major issue. Maxine Hairston, a Professor of Rhetoric and Composition at the University of Texas at Austin, writes of her experience with teaching in a multicultural classroom. Hairston is a strong supporter of children writing on their background, culture, and way of life. She feels that this enhances the classroom's atmosphere. Maxine Hairston writes, "Gradually their truths will change, but so will ours because in such a classroom one continually learns from one's students." Living in a particular way all one's life can cause views and opinions on certain subjects, but when put into a classroom with other students, it decenters one's ideas. Hairston wants the classroom to be designed around the students. She states, "These students bring with them a kaleidoscope of experiences, values, dialects, and cultural backgrounds that we want to respond to positively and productively, using every resource we can to help them adapt to the academic world and become active participants in it." Hairston wa nts students of every race, color, religion, and belief to learn about writing while learning about others. Thomas Bray, a Detroit News Columnist, writes an editorial on the California sch... ...guistics, and is a successful author. Looking at three different perspectives of multiculturalism I see how important it is to welcome new ideas and people into my world. Although, like most things in life there must be a line drawn somewhere. If sharing your personal experiences, ideas, and beliefs makes you uncomfortable then by no means should you be punished for it within a classroom. Every person has a right to learn no matter what their race, religion, gender, or belief. And for that our national meting pot should keep on melting together to form an educated nation. Works Cited Bray, Thomas. "Memorial Day and Multiculturalism." Detroit News 24 May 1998. Hairston, Maxine. "Diversity, Idealogy, and Teaching Writing." College Composition and Communication 43.2 (May 1992): 179-195. Tan, Amy. "Mother Tongue." Three Penny Review. 1990.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Compare and Contrast Between the Socs and Greasers

Compare and Contrast Essay Have you ever thought once that the Greasers and Socs (from â€Å"The Outsiders†) could ever have similarities? These rich kids and deprived kids will ever have something in common. Well, you’re going to find out each ones life style, personality and society treatment. How each of them lives, how they are treated by the society and how they both feel. The Socs are filthy rich kids in the west side, making them very spoiled and all their orders are brought and done. To give an example to that is Bob Sheldon, and his gang ride with a mustang, for teenage kid this is very expensive.While, the Greasers are a group of underprivileged children who have some that work for their living, but still don’t get half of what the Socs get. Most of them have very long and greasy hair because they couldn’t afford to shave. Which shows huge difference in lifestyle. Secondly, here comes their general personality, starting with Socs. To keep up in t heir life they have to lock their emotions up inside until they are numb to their effects. They remember the feeling of anger the hit the weak ones in the society; the Greasers.They jump on the Greasers and just start hitting them and terrorizing them. Unlike the Socs, the Greasers are too emotional, they take everything serious. And when they try express it they get into serious trouble, it is why dally got arrested a over half a dozen times. Have in consideration that they both are starting to get sick of their lives and how each lives it. For example Cherry is bored of pretending not being how she is for her friends and so is Ponyboy, he pretends to be not in love with literature and music in front of his family and friends not feel weird our his friends.Here will be discussed how society treats both crews of characters. The Greasers were always known as vicious thugs in the neighborhood while they are just misunderstood kids in the wrong place and also with know one to tell them what to do. On the other hand the Socs. have to live up to a perfect vision people see of them, they have to stand up others people high expectations, Which really kills them in the inside. It reminds me when Cherry was in the movie theatre talking with Ponyboy, she didn’t hide loving bizarre music nor reading literature.She told her friends that at all, as she is a cheerleader. Finally, after comparing and contrasting Greasers and the Socs we conclude that both the Socs and the Greasers have completely different lifestyles. Surprisingly, they have something in common; not being who they are with their closest friends and also are not penchant to be judged. It shows us no mater how wealthy or poor you are you still are a normal person like everyone else, no difference in having feelings.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Harrier

AV-B8 HARRIER Abstract The AV-8B V/STOL strike aircraft was designed to replace the AV-8A and the A-4M light attack aircraft. The Marine Corps requirement for a V/STOL light attack force has been well documented since the late 1950's. Combining tactical mobility, responsiveness, reduced operating cost and basing flexibility, both afloat and ashore, V/STOL aircraft are particularly well-suited to the special combat and expeditionary requirements of the Marine Corps. The AV-8BII+ features the APG-65 Radar common to the F/A-18, as well as all previous systems and features common to the AV-8BII. The mission of the VMA STOVL squadron is to attack and destroy surface and air targets, to escort helicopters, and to conduct other such air operations as may be directed. Specific tasks of the AV-8B HARRIER II include: Conduct close air support using conventional and specific weapons. Conduct deep air support, to include armed reconnaissance and air interdiction, using conventional and specific weapons. Conduct offensive and defensive anti-air warfare. This includes combat air patrol, armed escort missions, and offensive missions against enemy ground-to-air defenses, all within the capabilities of the aircraft. Be able to operate and deliver ordnance at night and to operate under instrument flight conditions. Be able to deploy for extended operations employing aerial refueling. Harrier-3 Be able to deploy to and operate from carriers and other suitable seagoing platforms, advanced bases, expeditionary airfields, and remote tactical landing sites. Cockpit As the main mission of the Harrier has usually been support of troops in combat, rather than long-range interdiction, it has always been acceptable to have only one crewmember. This has allowed weight to be limited, reduced the problem of maintaining the aircraft's centre of gravity and allowed a larger proportion of internal volume to be used fo... Free Essays on Harrier Free Essays on Harrier AV-B8 HARRIER Abstract The AV-8B V/STOL strike aircraft was designed to replace the AV-8A and the A-4M light attack aircraft. The Marine Corps requirement for a V/STOL light attack force has been well documented since the late 1950's. Combining tactical mobility, responsiveness, reduced operating cost and basing flexibility, both afloat and ashore, V/STOL aircraft are particularly well-suited to the special combat and expeditionary requirements of the Marine Corps. The AV-8BII+ features the APG-65 Radar common to the F/A-18, as well as all previous systems and features common to the AV-8BII. The mission of the VMA STOVL squadron is to attack and destroy surface and air targets, to escort helicopters, and to conduct other such air operations as may be directed. Specific tasks of the AV-8B HARRIER II include: Conduct close air support using conventional and specific weapons. Conduct deep air support, to include armed reconnaissance and air interdiction, using conventional and specific weapons. Conduct offensive and defensive anti-air warfare. This includes combat air patrol, armed escort missions, and offensive missions against enemy ground-to-air defenses, all within the capabilities of the aircraft. Be able to operate and deliver ordnance at night and to operate under instrument flight conditions. Be able to deploy for extended operations employing aerial refueling. Harrier-3 Be able to deploy to and operate from carriers and other suitable seagoing platforms, advanced bases, expeditionary airfields, and remote tactical landing sites. Cockpit As the main mission of the Harrier has usually been support of troops in combat, rather than long-range interdiction, it has always been acceptable to have only one crewmember. This has allowed weight to be limited, reduced the problem of maintaining the aircraft's centre of gravity and allowed a larger proportion of internal volume to be used fo...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Competitor Analysis- Boeing Essays

Competitor Analysis- Boeing Essays Competitor Analysis- Boeing Paper Competitor Analysis- Boeing Paper Competitor Analysis Product These two companies Boeing and Airbus in the Aviation Industry, there have always been various airframe producers which were competing against each other. Throughout the years, two of them gained the majority of the market share. The American company Boeing has been the market leader for a very long period of time, until Airbus outturned them for the first time in 2002. In recent years, Airbus has put itself at the top of the aircraft-building world with the A380, the whale of a plane that is the largest passenger jet in the world. In year 2011 Boeing has introduced the 747-8 International, the revamped version of the class 747 it calls the Queen of the Skies. We broke down the numbers in categories, based on size, power, capacity, luxury, availability, and more to compare this two aircraft. By comparing the capacity, Boeing’s 747-8I has a maximum capacity of 467 passengers. The Airbus A380 usually holds around 500 passengers, but has room for as many as 853. The Boeing’s wing span is 224. 6 feet. The A380 spreads out over 261. 7 feet. The 747-8I is more than 250 feet long, the A380 measures 238 feet. In fact, the 747-8I is the world’s longest passenger aircraft. By comparing weight and power, the 737-8I can take off with a weight of 987,000 pounds, and produces 66,500 pounds of thrust, the A380’s maximum takeoff weight is 1,235,000 pounds, and it produces up to 70,000 pounds of thrust. That gives the 747-8I more power per pound. Boeing’s jet can go 11,443 miles in the air, for A380 can only do 9,756 miles. The difference mean the 747-9I can fly New York to Sydney without stopping, but the A380 cannot. Next, comparing the availability, so far, Lufthansa, Cathay Pacific, Korea Air, and a few other airlines have placed orders with Boeing. The A380 has been around longer, and is flown by Air France, Emirates, Qantas, Lufthansa, British Airways, Korea Air, Virgin Atlantic, and more. Because the A380 has been around longer, its easier to get on board. About 1st class luxury, First class on a Lufthansa 747-8I includes a personal locker and an especially wide seat that goes fully flat for comfortable sleeping, in the other way Emirates A380s first class includes two lounges, private suites, and a shower spa. For travelers looking for top of the line luxury, there are better choices offered by airlines flying the A380. By comparing the price, Boeing sells the Queen of the Skies for $351. 4 million. A new Airbus A380 is more expensive, at $389. 9 million. The Boeing 747-8I is new and the A380 has been in service for several years, which accounts for some of the differences. Boeings jet has a lot going for it, especially the fact that it is the newer aircraft. But for those looking to get in the air today, the Airbus A380 is bigger, more luxurious, and more available. Competitor Analysis Company Technology Airbus sought to compete with the well-established Boeing in the 1970s through its introduction of advanced technology. For example, the A300 made the most extensive use of composite materials yet seen in an aircraft of that era, and by automating the flight engineers functions, was the first large commercial jet to have a two-man flight crew. In the 1980s Airbus was the first to introduce digital fly-by-wire controls into an airliner (the A320). With Airbus now an established competitor to Boeing, both companies use advanced technology to seek performance advantages in their products. For example, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner is the first large airliner to use composites for most of its construction. Currency Boeings production costs are mostly in United States dollars, whereas Airbus production costs are mostly in euros. When the dollar appreciates against the euro the cost of producing a Boeing aircraft rises relatively to the cost of producing an Airbus aircraft, and conversely when the dollar falls relative to the euro it is an advantage for Boeing. There are also possible currency risks and benefits involved in the way aircraft are sold. Boeing typically prices its aircraft only in dollars, while Airbus, although pricing most aircraft sales in dollars, has been known to be more flexible and has priced some aircraft sales in Asia and the Middle East in multiple currencies. Depending on currency fluctuations between the acceptance of the order and the delivery of the aircraft this can result in an extra profit or extra expense - or, if Airbus has purchased insurance against such fluctuations, an additional cost regardless. Safety Both aircraft manufacturers have good safety records on recently manufactured aircraft. By convention, both companies tend to avoid safety comparisons when selling their aircraft to airlines. Most aircraft dominating the companies current sales, the Boeing 737-NG and Airbus A320 families and both companies wide-body offerings, have good safety records. Older model aircraft such as the Boeing 727, the original Boeing 737s and 747s, Airbus A300 and Airbus A310, which were respectively first flown during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, have had higher rates of fatal accidents. According to Airbus John Leahy, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems will not cause customers to switch airplane supplier. Also, Boeing has recently re-designed the battery system for the Dreamliner so that it is impossible for it to catch fire. Flight testing is underway, and the 787 should soon return to flight. The worlds safest commercial jetliner is the Boeing 777, with no fatalities. The A380 closely follows, but has made less flight so far, and has only been in service for a recent number of years. Outsourcing Because many of the worlds airlines are wholly or partially government owned, aircraft procurement decisions are often taken according to political criteria in addition to commercial ones. Boeing and Airbus seek to exploit this by subcontracting production of aircraft components or assemblies to manufacturers in countries of strategic importance in order to gain a competitive advantage. For example, Boeing has maintained longstanding relationships with Japanese suppliers including Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries by which these companies have had increasing involvement on successive Boeing jet programs, a process which has helped Boeing achieve almost total dominance of the Japanese market for commercial jets. Outsourcing was extended on the 787 to the extent that Boeings own involvement was reduced to little more than project management, design, assembly and test operation, outsourcing most of the actual manufacturing all around the world. Boeing has since stated that it outsourced too much and that future airplane projects will depend far more on its own engineering and production personnel. Partly because of its origins as a consortium of European companies, Airbus has had fewer opportunities to outsource significant parts of its production beyond its own European plants. However, in 2009 Airbus opened an assembly plant in Tianjin, China for production of its A320 series airliners.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The Types of Parallel Universes

The Types of Parallel Universes Physicists talk about parallel universes, but its not always clear what they mean. Do they mean alternate histories of our own universe, like those often shown in science fiction, or whole other universes with no real connection to ours? Physicists use the phrase parallel universes to discuss diverse concepts, and it can sometimes get a little confusing. For example, some physicists believe strongly in the idea of a multiverse for cosmological purposes, but dont actually believe in the Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics. It is important to realize that parallel universes are not actually a theory within physics, but rather a conclusion that comes out of various theories within physics. There are a variety of reasons for believing in multiple universes as a physical reality, mostly having to do with the fact that we have absolutely no reason to suppose that our observable universe is all that there is.   There are two basic breakdowns of parallel universes that might be helpful to consider. The first was presented in 2003 by Max Tegmark and the second was presented by Brian Greene in his book The Hidden Reality. Tegmarks Classifications In 2003, MIT physicist Max Tegmark explored the idea of parallel universes in a paper published in a collection titled  Science and Ultimate Reality. In the paper,  Tegmark breaks the different types of parallel universes allowed by physics into four different levels: Level 1: Regions Beyond Cosmic Horizon: The universe is essentially infinitely big and contains matter at roughly the same distribution as we see it throughout the universe. Matter can combine in only so many different configurations. Given an infinite amount of space, it stands to reason there exists another portion of the universe in which an exact duplicate of our world exists.Level 2: Other Post-Inflation Bubbles: Separate universes spring up like bubbles of spacetime undergoing its own form of expansion, under the rules dictated by inflation theory. The laws of physics in these universes could be very different from our own.Level 3: The Many Worlds of Quantum Physics: According to this approach to quantum physics, events unfold in every single possible way, just in different universes. Science fiction alternate history stories utilize this sort of a parallel universe model, so its the most well-known outside of physics.Level 4: Other Mathematical Structures: This type of paralle l universes is sort of a catch-all for other mathematical structures which we can conceive of, but which we dont observe as physical realities in our universe. The Level 4 parallel universes are ones which are governed by different equations from those that govern our universe. Unlike Level 2 universes, its not just different manifestations of the same fundamental rules, but entirely different sets of rules. Greenes Classifications Brian Greenes system of classifications from his 2011 book, The Hidden Reality, is a more granular approach than Tegmarks. Below are Greenes classes of parallel universes, but weve also added the Tegmark Level that they fall under:   Quilted Multiverse (Level 1): Space is infinite, therefore somewhere there are regions of space that will exactly mimic our own region of space. There is another world out there somewhere in which everything is unfolding exactly as it unfolds on Earth.Inflationary Multiverse (Level 1 2): Inflationary theory in cosmology predicts an expansive universe filled with bubble universes, of which our universe is just one.Brane Multiverse (Level 2): String theory leaves open the possibility that our universe is on just one 3-dimensional brane, while other branes ​of any number of dimensions could have whole other universes on them.Cyclic Multiverse (Level 1): One possible result from string theory is that branes could collide with each other, resulting in universe-spawning big bangs that not only created our universe but possibly other ones.Landscape Multiverse (Level 1 4): String theory leaves open a lot of different fundamental properties of the universe which, combined with the in flationary multiverse, means there could be many bubble universes out there which have fundamentally different physical laws than the universe we inhabit. Quantum Multiverse (Level 3): This is essentially the Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics; anything that can happen does... in some universe.Holographic Multiverse (Level 4): According to the holographic principle, there is a physically-equivalent parallel universe that would exist on a distant bounding surface (the edge of the universe), in which everything about our universe is precisely mirrored.Simulated Multiverse (Level 4): Technology will possibly advance to the point where computers could simulate each and every detail of the universe, thus creating a simulated multiverse whose reality is nearly as complex as our own.Ultimate Multiverse (Level 4): In the most extreme version of looking at parallel universes, every single theory which could possibly exist would have to exist in some form somewhere.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

The impact of globalization on corporate governance Assignment

The impact of globalization on corporate governance - Assignment Example So corporate governance has now emerged as global responsibility. The effect of global approach to regulate corporate governance is debatable. Criticisms are there that such regulations carry no meanings as big corporate houses have the power to manipulate even the international policies owing to their size and their influence in markets. In recent times agencies such as Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) and Indian Labor Organization (ILO) have prepared a set of guidelines so as to regulate corporate governance. The activities and behavior of business houses are checked upon mainly on issues like environmental protection, human rights, safety and corruption. In developing countries through effective corporate governance corporations can contribute largely in labor and environmental conditions of the country. Considering all these facts one can rate global approach to regulation highly important for corporate governance and the paper intends to addresses thi s issue through a series of case studies and analysis. Corporate governance helps companies and economies to bring in new investors and strengthen the foundation. It also makes a firm more competitive by improving its economic performance. Elimination of corruption and financial scandals is considered as the major objective of corporate governance.It has been widely accepted that a written code of conduct helps in improving corporate governance. United Kingdom has adopted such principles for governance in 2003 and has obtained amazing outcomes in 2005. These global rules include ability of mobilizing and monitoring of productive resources and their effective allocation. (Isaksson, 1999). Separate committees should be set up for nomination, compensation and auditing. Transparency of the annual reports and accounting matters is now compulsory as per guidelines. This are now regulated through actuarial information in UK (Regulatory Strategy: Our role and Approach, 2009). The board of directors’ decision making should only be in favor of fulfilling company’s interests. The conduct of the directors is very crucial and their decisions matter a lot, especially in turnaround situations. The investors also bear similar responsibilities more in the area of risk management and when voting for vital issues. There is a need for the companies to realize their social and environmental responsibilities (Bowes, 1999). The importance of this global approach for proper conduct is to such an extent that corporate social responsibility has taken the name of globalization of business and economies. National economies have become enormously inter dependant in the areas of trade and finance. In some cases there has also been integration of macroeconomic policies (Guillen, 1999).In Asian countries before such global approach there have reports against the companies for unfavorable working conditions and employment of child labor. For developing countries overlapping public and private sector have prevented good corporate gove rnance in the past (Kostyuk, Braendle & Apreda, 2007) Global agencies have worked quite hard in regulating

Friday, October 18, 2019

Behaviorally based expectations for responsible student behavior Essay

Behaviorally based expectations for responsible student behavior outside the classroom, directly supervised by a teacher - Essay Example 1.) Use of learning centers/or computer stations a.) Students will follow instructions. – Students will be able to use the learning center/computer station effectively, in orderly manner. b.) Students will leave my place clean. – This will help students maintain the computer stations/learning center. c.) Students will ask assistance when needed. – This will allow students use the learning center/computer station with ease. Implementation of A: A note of instruction and proper use of the leaning center/computer stations is visibly posted in the room. 2.) Student attention/participation during teacher led activities a.) Students will be resilient. – Student will develop the sense of flexibility in every situation in the activities. b.) Students will be respectful. – Being courteous, students will gain respect in return from their peers. c.) Students will know how and when to assert oneself. – This will allow an organized activity, without disorder. Implementation of C: Students are required to raise their hands and wait for teacher’s selection. 3.) Playground time and /or recess a.) Students will be an active participant. – This gives an opportunity for students to show their abilities.

Organization Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organization Behavior - Essay Example Apparently, this special discipline is said to use scientific methods to unearth the diverse kinds of knowledge that emanates from observing the behavior of individual or groups from within the organization. In essence, people are said to behave differently even in the same situations.1 In light of this, managers with theoretical knowledge about human behavior are usually in a better position to predict the behavior of individuals or groups who are in most cases employees in their organizations (French, 2011, 7). In addition, organization behavior entails the interaction of people in organizations where diverse cultural value and backgrounds are brought together through working effectively and efficiently. Similarly, organization behaviour has both dependent and independent variable that must be used in the boosting the performance of individual and groups in the organization. Dependent variables include productivity, absenteeism and job satisfaction. On the other hand, independent variables include variables at individual levels and those of group behavior. It is worth mentioning that organizational behavior has sub disciplines with diverse perspectives such as psychology, communication, political science, sociology among others that are crucial in the management of organization (French, 2011,

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Korean diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Korean diaspora - Essay Example The north-eastern China started receiving Koreans from the thirteenth century itself. The Koreans in China are renowned for keeping their unique Korean traditions intact while assimilating the local languages and ideas. Many Korean-origin people in China, according to Piao, â€Å"do not know how to write or speak Korean, they have maintained their unique Korean customs. Such customs as not marrying while in formal mourning, women not binding their feet, and placing ceremonial food on a special table for the elderly remained until the 1940s† (48). There has also been a long tradition of Korean dissidents migrating to other countries, especially to China. During the period of Japanese colonialism in Korea, especially between 1910 and 1930, thousands of Koreans opposed to the regime have fled to China. The extensive migration of Korean peasants to Manchuria was even facilitated by the Japanese imperialists. Although oppressed by the ruling elites and by the conditions of misery, the Korean diaspora in China have rigorously upheld many aspects of their original nationality. By the establishment of different kinds of autonomous units after the establishment of the communist rule, the Koreans in China have not only been able to preserve their nationality but also to develop it significantly. The Chinese Communist party (CCP) too had played an important role in protecting the minority culture of the Koreans in China by organizing Korean cultural workers and Korean literary clubs. It was the direct result of CCP’s policy that â€Å"in areas that contained a concentration of one nationality, national autonomous regions should be established and the nationality’s language and writing system should be developed, along with the preservation of the nationality’s customs, traditions and religious beliefs†, argues Piao (75). Also, land reform policies initiated by the communist government in China have largely helped the Koreans diaspora to enhance their material development. Koreans in Japan In Japanese language, the immigrants from Korea are popularly called as sangokujin in a derogative fashion. The Koreans in Japan have always had a tensed relation with their old colonial masters and vice versa too. This tension still is expressed as â€Å"the continued ambiguity of the Korean community’s position between ‘troublesome’ new immigrants and Japanese nationals† as pointed by Chung (1). It has led to lower rates of naturalization of Koreans in Japan even after many decades of their arrival in Japan. It could also be argued, along the lines of Chung, that although the Koreans in Japan find it easy to be assimilated with the natives by fluently speaking Japanese and marrying with Japanese origins, â€Å"the law rate of naturalization suggests that a significant proportion of the Korean community has made a conscious decision to retain its Korean nationality† (1). As former, colonial subje cts, the Koreans have found it difficult to be integrated with the Japanese oppressive regime. It does not mean that the Korean diaspora in Japan is devoid of representation in the civil society. Although the Japanese state and society asserts the indigenous homogeneity of the Japanese people vis-a-vis the Korean immigrants, the Koreans have asserted themselves into the national scene through democratic participation and activism. Still,

Godrej Interio Furniture E-business Strategy Case Study

Godrej Interio Furniture E-business Strategy - Case Study Example The company Godrej Interio Furniture has been operating as a sole proprietorship for the past five years. The company established a need to go online for operation and make the business a click and mortar operation. The market that was currently being targeted by the company pertained to a niche target which wants customized and designer furniture made with class and high quality materials. The product is a luxury good provided to a niche of the market. In the past the company has been reporting significant loss but as other business and retail stores in the region are adopting the e-business strategy the company also wants to integrate communicative technology in its operations and start a click and mortar operation.However with the advancement of technology that is taking place and the incremental amount of business going online, the establishment is also interested in starting online operations as well. The company is interested in going online and making the business click and mo rtar business. With access to the internet the company will be exposed to larger target market. They would be able to sell their products to the target market outside the political and state boundaries of the local region. This will significantly impact the operations of the business which will expand and can then go global in the long run. However in order to be able to start a business or a retail option online the company will have to brand itself and its products to stand out form the competition.  ... The operation is for the company called Godrej Interio Furniture. The company Godrej Interio Furniture is currently a brick and mortar business which sells unique and trendy furniture and home decoration items. The niche targeted by the company is the upper and the middle upper class market for segment of the target market. The product that is provided by the company is generally customized in nature and only designer pieces are sold in the shop. The shop is an exclusive option for the high street and high end shoppers. This assignment will review the impact of the Web, knowledge management and information technology on promoting business online. Also, the assignment will cover basic elements of the new technological environment and the techniques of knowledge management, the way global marketing is conducted. 2. Introduction of the organization Company History The company Godrej Interio Furniture has been operating as a sole proprietorship for the past five years. The company established a need to go online for operation and make the business a click and mortar operation. The market that was currently being targeted by the company pertained to a niche target which wants customized and designer furniture made with class and high quality materials. The product is a luxury good provided to a niche of the market. In the past the company has been reporting significant loss but as other business and retail stores in the region are adopting the e-business strategy the company also wants to integrate communicative technology in its operations and start a click and mortar operation. However with the advancement of technology that is taking place and the incremental amount of business going online, the

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Korean diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Korean diaspora - Essay Example The north-eastern China started receiving Koreans from the thirteenth century itself. The Koreans in China are renowned for keeping their unique Korean traditions intact while assimilating the local languages and ideas. Many Korean-origin people in China, according to Piao, â€Å"do not know how to write or speak Korean, they have maintained their unique Korean customs. Such customs as not marrying while in formal mourning, women not binding their feet, and placing ceremonial food on a special table for the elderly remained until the 1940s† (48). There has also been a long tradition of Korean dissidents migrating to other countries, especially to China. During the period of Japanese colonialism in Korea, especially between 1910 and 1930, thousands of Koreans opposed to the regime have fled to China. The extensive migration of Korean peasants to Manchuria was even facilitated by the Japanese imperialists. Although oppressed by the ruling elites and by the conditions of misery, the Korean diaspora in China have rigorously upheld many aspects of their original nationality. By the establishment of different kinds of autonomous units after the establishment of the communist rule, the Koreans in China have not only been able to preserve their nationality but also to develop it significantly. The Chinese Communist party (CCP) too had played an important role in protecting the minority culture of the Koreans in China by organizing Korean cultural workers and Korean literary clubs. It was the direct result of CCP’s policy that â€Å"in areas that contained a concentration of one nationality, national autonomous regions should be established and the nationality’s language and writing system should be developed, along with the preservation of the nationality’s customs, traditions and religious beliefs†, argues Piao (75). Also, land reform policies initiated by the communist government in China have largely helped the Koreans diaspora to enhance their material development. Koreans in Japan In Japanese language, the immigrants from Korea are popularly called as sangokujin in a derogative fashion. The Koreans in Japan have always had a tensed relation with their old colonial masters and vice versa too. This tension still is expressed as â€Å"the continued ambiguity of the Korean community’s position between ‘troublesome’ new immigrants and Japanese nationals† as pointed by Chung (1). It has led to lower rates of naturalization of Koreans in Japan even after many decades of their arrival in Japan. It could also be argued, along the lines of Chung, that although the Koreans in Japan find it easy to be assimilated with the natives by fluently speaking Japanese and marrying with Japanese origins, â€Å"the law rate of naturalization suggests that a significant proportion of the Korean community has made a conscious decision to retain its Korean nationality† (1). As former, colonial subje cts, the Koreans have found it difficult to be integrated with the Japanese oppressive regime. It does not mean that the Korean diaspora in Japan is devoid of representation in the civil society. Although the Japanese state and society asserts the indigenous homogeneity of the Japanese people vis-a-vis the Korean immigrants, the Koreans have asserted themselves into the national scene through democratic participation and activism. Still,

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Air legislation - mantenance, planning and organisation Essay

Air legislation - mantenance, planning and organisation - Essay Example The aircraft is capable of rotation along the three axes namely; Pitch ,Roll and Yaw, in addition to a linear motion along the specific air route when in- flight. For any type of movement shown by the aircraft ,the weight of the aircraft must be balanced out to maintain the position of the center of gravity for stability. An air craft can have Lateral center of gravity, Longitudinal center of gravity and even Vertical center of gravity. The most important if these being the Lateral cg, which has a critical role in stabilizing the pitch of the aircraft. Lateral cg is further partitioned into Forward and Aft cg. There are limits to the Fore and Aft cg positioning. If the Fore and Aft cg is out of range the aircraft may pitch uncontrollably up or down during take-off ,flight or landing. For example if the cg is too far forward , the plane is likely to tilt forward or crash The Lateral cg position is to be maintained in order to control and stabilize any unwanted roll movement during any stage of flight. The position of Lateral cg can shift if there is an uneven distribution of fuel in the tanks,or in case of an uneven seating arrangement of passengers in a small aircraft. The Vertical cg position is associated with the stability of the flight along the yaw axis. A shift in the vertical cg can result in yawing motion if not compensated for by the pilot during take-off, flight and landing. The center of gravity is a major factor in the stability of an aircraft in all the phases of flight ; take-off ,cruise / flight and landing. A disturbance in the longitudinal, lateral or vertical cg can upset the movement of the aircraft along either of the three axes ;pitch , roll or

Copper Corrosion Essay Example for Free

Copper Corrosion Essay In this experiment, I will be testing the corrosion rate of copper wire after leaving them in different liquids with different pH levels. By doing so I will be able to determine which pH level corrodes copper the fastest. I will conduct this experiment by pouring 250mL of different liquids with different pH levels in cups, followed by an iron strip placed into the cup. A stopwatch will be timing how long it takes the iron strip to fully corrode. The cups will be placed in the same environment right next to each other in order for the cups to be in the same temperature. All of the cups will be the same type of cup to make sure the cups won’t have a role determining the results. There will be three trials for each type of liquid. This will ensure the most accurate results. The pH level will be tested with a strip of litmus paper to determine the official pH level of the liquid. The stopwatch will start as soon as all of the copper wire are placed into the cups. I will be watching the cups, taking note of any qualitative data I see. When I see that the iron strip in one of the cups is fully covered in rust, I will record the time that was on my stopwatch. To analyze the data I will first find the average pH level for each of the liquids. Then I will average the total time it took for the copper wire to corrode. This data will be in hours. To see if there was any correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable, I will create a graph with the time it took the copper wire to corrode as the y-axis and the pH level as the x-axis. Hypothesis: If the pH level is more acidic, than the iron strip will corrode at a faster rate. Independent Variable: pH level of liquids Dependent Variable: rate of corrosion of iron strip Control: pH of 7 (Tap water) Constants: †¢ Same amount of liquid in each cup (50mL) †¢ Same sized copper wire (5x3/4x3/64) †¢ Same type of cup †¢ Cups placed in same temperature †¢ Cups placed in same environment Materials: †¢ 12 copper wire †¢ 4 see through cups †¢ 150mL of vinegar †¢ 150mL of bleach †¢ 150mL of tap water †¢ 150mL of hydrogen peroxide †¢ Litmus paper †¢ Stop watch †¢ Sharpie †¢ Paper towel Procedure: 1. On the see through cups, label which liquid will be poured into them 2. Pour 50mL of the liquids into their corresponding cups. 3. Put litmus paper into each liquid to get official pH level. Record pH level. 4. Place iron strip into liquid, making sure it is completely surrounded by liquid 5. Start stopwatch as soon as the copper wire are placed into cup. 6. Observe the copper wire. Record down the time whenever one of the copper wire is fully covered in corrosion. 7. Once all the times are recorded empty the cups and rinse them out with water. 8. Repeat steps 2-7 two more times. 9. Find the average time it took to corrode the iron strip. Abstract: I will be testing how pH levels of liquids affect the corrosion rate of an iron strip. The independent variable for this experiment is the pH level of the liquid. I will be using four different liquids, each having a different pH level. I will be using tap water, which is neutral; salt water, which is generally slightly basic; bleach, a very basic liquid; and vinegar, a very acidic liquid. The tap water will serve as my control. Having a variety of pH levels helps to give me a better perspective on how much of a factor pH level is on corrosion rate. The dependent variable will be the time it takes the iron strip to fully corrode. The unit for this measurement will be minutes.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Monomania Psychology Analysis: Ideal Ego and Ego Ideal

Monomania Psychology Analysis: Ideal Ego and Ego Ideal Abstract: This paper Moby Dick: Obsession, Evil and the Passion of Ignorance, argues that monomania is a passion of ignorance. It contends that this passion of ignorance is situated precisely between the ideal ego and the ego ideal. The ideal ego is the fantasy an individual has of themselves, a narcissistic illusion of completeness. It is a representation based on an image of the self fixed at the infantile period. The ego ideal is the goal of a process, a movement towards an idealized self based on internalised significant early role models, people admired and preferred in favour of the self. In monomania, the ideal ego seeks to eradicate the other, the ego ideal. This is an act of envy, an attempt to kill and steal the others good because it represents what one should be or could have been. Such an act is never conscious. It is a passion of ignorance. The saga of Captain Ahab and his obsessive desire to obliterate the Great White Whale is illustrative of this dynamic. The yearning for absolutes is a hall-mark of monomania. Monomania is a passion of ignorance and is to be found in the boundary between love and hate. It is inherently evil because it excludes and destroys reality. In monomania, ignorance functions as a parochial and universalised concept of reality, marked by a certainty and rectitude which enables the harming of others with humanitarian conviction and moral purpose. The passion of ignorance is situated precisely between the subject and the fantasy of himself. The ideal ego wishes to eradicate the other, the ego ideal, What is at the heart all psychopathological behaviour is an incapacity to communicate with aspects of the self that have, as part of the self protective mechanism of the psyche, been obscured because they are too painful to be addressed. At the time of obfuscation, the only perceived path for survival has been the isolation and dissociation of something intrinsic. Analytical psychology recognizes that there are dark recesses people carry deep within in which lurk forbidden secrets which are treated as unapproachable. These dark places and forbidden secrets are not passive, they pulsate with the presence of malignant, carnivorous forces that reek of fear and anarchy. It is no accident that the developmental arm of analytical psychology is preoccupied to the determining effects of family history, for it is in the family setting that people experience the strongest and most primitive feelings, where relationships take on their most stark and forceful forms. A persons experience within the context of family has its genesis at a time before coping mechanisms are developed, before and independent sense of security and stability has had time to consolidate. Analytical psychology understands that the individual is deeply affected by the net of past experiences. They impact on the way in which present experiences are assimilated or repressed. They determine what may be allowed to come to consciousness and what must be assigned to the unconscious. The unconscious is occasioned by a number of factors, by repression, instinctual inheritance, social conditioning and repressed trauma. It can be personal or collective. In all its aspects, the unconscious represents that part of an individuals psychic existence that is, by multiple strategies, consigned to function without conscious control. Thus analytical psychology attempts inexorably to draw one deeper and deeper into a journey of confrontation with ones self. It calls on the individual to overcome his defences, to transcend the bounds of secure systems he has established to keep full and immediate experience at bay. In the tale of Moby Dick, Ahab misuses his power, disregards the safety of his crew and the profitability of the voyage, even forfeits his own life in order to avenge himself on the whale who robbed him of his leg. He does this, all to avoid a confrontation with himself and his own vulnerabilities. The Story: The tale of Moby Dick begins with the enigmatic words of the narrator, Having little or no money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world. It is a way I have of driving off the spleen, and regulating the circulation. Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntary pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet, and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping onto the street and methodically knocking peoples hats off – then, I account it high time to get to see as soon as I can. (Melville 1992 p. 1) With these words Ishmael the story teller announces his intention to go to sea. He makes the journey to New Bedford, Massachusetts where he takes accommodation at a whalers inn, but as the inn is very full he finds himself sharing a bed with a stranger, Queequeg, a harpooner from the South Pacific. Queequeg is a cannibal from a South Sea Island. His strange physical form appears bizarre to Ishmael. He is covered in strange tattoos and apart from his alien appearance has strange habits and customs. Ishmael is terrified by the encounter but as time passes he is able to move beyond the outward exterior of Queequeg to understand that they are both men, and this strange creature from the South Seas, far from being a terrifying beast is human, and one with a particularly kind heart and generous spirit. The two men join forces and set out to seek work together as whalers. They secure work on the Pequod, a whaling vessel decked out with the bones and teeth of its victims, Peleg and Bildad, t he Pequods Quaker owners, tell them of their Captain, Ahab, who on his last voyage found that sperm whales are not defenceless victims, but creatures with teeth; Ahab has had his leg ripped from him by an enormous white whale. The hunted became the hunter and had struck back. The Pequod leaves the safety of the harbour in Nantucket on a bitterly cold Christmas Day, its crew a diverse mixture of nationalities and cultures. Days later, as the ship makes into warmer waters, Ahab finally appears on deck, balancing unsteadily on his prostheses carved from the jaw bone of a sperm whale. Ahabs intention: to pursue and kill Moby Dick, the great white whale who took his leg. To Ahab, this whale is the embodiment of evil. He must be killed and killed by Ahab. To this end he nails a gold doubloon to the mast and announces to all that the man who first sights Moby Dick will have the coin. Aboard one of these ships is a crazed prophet called Gabriel who predicts doom to all who pursue Moby Dick and the superstitious crew of the Pequod share their sea-stories of how those who hunted the whale met with ill fortune. It is not long before misfortune is seen and known by the crew. While butchering their catch, the harpooner Tashtego falls into the mouth of a dead whale which tears free of the Pequod and sinks. Queequeg dives after the drowning man, slashes into the slowly sinking head with his knife and frees the seaman. During another whale hunt, the black cabin boy Pip, jumps from a whaleboat and is left stranded at sea. He is rescued but the trauma renders him mentally disturbed. He is left mindless and uncanny, a prophetic jester onboard the ship. Still the hunt continues. One day, the Pequod encounters the whaler, the Samuel Enderby. Captain Boomer the skipper has lost an arm in a chance meeting with Moby Dick. As the two captains discuss the whale the contrast becomes evident. Boomer is happy simply to have survived his encounter, and he cannot understand Ahabs lust for vengeance. Queequeg becomes ill and asks the carpenter on board the Pequod to make him a coffin in preparation of his death but he does recover, and the coffin becomes the Pequods replacement life buoy. In expectation of finding Moby Dick, Ahab orders a harpoon to be forged and baptizes this harpoon with the blood of the Pequod harpooners, and his own. Although the Pequod is still hunting whales, it is the hunt for Moby Dick that always hangs over the life of the ship. Then, one day, Fedallah makes a prophesy regarding the death of Ahab. Ahab will see two hearses, the second made from American wood and he will be killed by hemp rope. To Ahab, this means he will not die at sea, for at sea there are no hangings and no hearses. A tropical storm encompasses the Pequod, illuminating it with electrical fire. To Ahab this is a sign of imminent confrontation and success. To Starbuck, the ships first mate, it is a bad omen and he contemplates murdering Ahab to end the obsession. The tempest ends, but then one of the sailors plummets from the ships masthead and drowns—a grave forewarning of what lies ahead. As Ahabs obsessive desire to find and destroy Moby Dick intensifies, the mad Pip becomes his constant companion. It is near the equator that Ahab expects to find Moby Dick, and it is here that the Pequod meets two whalers, the Rachel and the Delight; both have had recent fatal encounters with the Great Whale. The Captain of the Rachel pleads with Ahab to help him find his son, lost in the battle with Moby Dick, but Ahab has only one goal, to find and kill the whale. Days pass, and then, finally, Ahab sights Moby Dick. The harpoon boats are launched. Moby Dick rams Ahabs harpoon boat, destroying it but Ahab is saved by his crew. The next day, Moby Dick is sighted once more. The whale is harpooned but again, Moby dick strikes back and once again rams Ahabs boat. Fedallah is trapped in the harpoon line, is dragged overboard to his death. Starbuck saves his Captain by manoeuvring the Pequod between Ahab and the enraged beast. On the third day, the boats are launched once again and are sent after Moby Dick. The whale turns and attacks the boats, and they see that Fedallahs corpse is still lashed to the whale by the harpoon line. In the ensuing battle, Moby Dick rams the Pequod and she begins to sinks. Ahab, caught in a harpoon line, is hurled out of his whale boat to his death. The remaining whaleboats and crew are caught in the vortex of the sinking Pequod and dragged to their deaths. Ishmael, thrown from his boat at the beginning of the hunt, is the only man to survive. He floats, alone on Queequegs coffin, the only remaining flotsam from the wreckage, an isolated figure in a watery world. On the second day, a sail drew near, nearer, and picked me up at last. It was the devious-cruising Rachel that in her retracing search after her missing children, only found another orphan. (Melville 1992 p. 583) An Uncanny Tale In telling the story of Moby Dick, Melvilles narrator, Ishmael, engages in a process of repetition that brings the dead back to life. His narrator offers what appears to be a sober account of his real experience but in the recounting it is immediately evident that this experience is anything but commonplace. Melvilles combination of reality and the fantastic, the credible and the incredible, compel the reader to accept the narrative on its own terms. The tale confronts the reader with narratorial anxiety in both the telling of the tale and in the horror of its content. Melvilles narrative method exemplifies the de-familiarisation of the familiar, the domestication of terror that characterises the uncanny. Freud characterises the uncanny as that which arouses dread and horror; (Freud 1919 p. 339) it is that class of things which lead us back to what is known of the old and familiar. (Freud 1919 p.340) It is precarious, this combination of the familiar and the unfamiliar, where the opposites of the homely, customary and congenial also denote the secret that is concealed and kept from sight. (Freud 1919 p. 347) We believe we are at home in the immediate circle of beings. That which is, is familiar, reliable, ordinary. Nevertheless, the clearing is pervaded by a constant concealment in the double form of refusal and dissembling. At the bottom, the ordinary is not ordinary; it is extra-ordinary, uncanny. (Heidegger 1971 p. 53) Freud argues that one of the most anxiety-producing devices of the uncanny is the double. Freud considers the uncanniness of the double to be the effect of the egos projection of the object ‘outwardly as something foreign to itself. What is inside is experienced as coming from outside, (Freud 1919 p.358) split off and isolated through a process of repression and dissociation. The subject may identify with another to the extent that he is not sure which identity he is or he may substitute the extraneous self for his own. In the tale of Moby Dick it is this lack of difference which dominates Ahabs relationship to the whale. While Ahab may try to establish himself as a saviour, he too, deep down, is dangerous and destructive. It is this sameness that is problematic. When it becomes too obvious that the other is contained in the self, the other becomes an object for irrational hostility. In this dynamic, both the object (the whale) and the subject (Ahab) become doubles of each othe r in the psyche of the person who is enmeshed in the projection. The notion of the double always inspires the subject with dread and can be summed up as a dividing and interchanging of the ego. There is an inevitable cyclic repetition of the initial trauma. It is an inescapable loop until the doubling is concluded. Aboard ship, Ahab imposes an irresistible dictatorship in order to pursue his obsession. Moby Dick had injured him and that fact contravened Ahabs entire view of how the world should be ordered. The self-righteous, imposing Captain of the Pequod smoulders with the fires of hell. His all consuming pride and rage against the white whale blaze in the great speech before his crew where he proclaims, That inscrutable thing is chiefly what I hate; and be the white whale agent, or the white whale principal, I will wreak my hate upon him Talk to me not of blasphemy, man, Id strike the sun if it insulted me. (Melville 1992 p. 167) Ahab cannot see Moby Dick for what the great while whale is, because the reality of the animal is subsumed under the passion of Ahabs projection. But because this ‘relationship is skewed, the rest of Ahabs world suffers. Ahab has no connection to any other person or thing beyond the white whale. It is inevitable that the whale proves to be his nemesis; it is the whale that inflicts retribution and vengeance, not Ahab. The Orphan With the first sentence of Moby Dick we are confronted with the complex figure of Ishmael. The narrative begins with the words Call me Ishmael. The name has come to symbolize orphans and social outcasts but it has another aspect to it. The word literally means ‘God hears. Ishmael, according to the Hebrew Scriptures, was the first son of Abraham, born to a slave woman, Hagar because Abraham believed his wife Sarah to be infertile. But when God granted Sarah a son of her own, Ishmael and his mother were turned out of Abrahams household. Isaac inherited the birthright from Abraham. Ishmael was left to die under a bush in the wilderness by his distraught and starving mother. But in her distress she cried out and God heard her cry and the cry of the child. 15When the water in the skin was gone, she cast the child under one of the bushes. 16 And God heard the voice of the boy; and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven, and said to her, What troubles you, Hagar? Do not be afraid; for God has heard the voice of the boy where he is. 18Come, lift up the boy and hold him fast with your hand, for I will make a great nation of him. 19Then God opened her eyes and she saw a well of water. She went, and filled the skin with water, and gave the boy a drink. 20God was with the boy, and he grew up; he lived in the wilderness, and became an expert with the bow. (Genesis 21: 15 – 20 The Bible NRSV 1988) From a Judeo-Christian perspective Ishmael was an outcast, the result of his fathers failure to believe and obey YHWHs promise to give him a son through his wife Sarah. As a consequence, Ishmael was the one repressed and rejected. But Ishmael was heard and taken care of by God. Throughout his life, Melville was preoccupied with the imagery of orphans and in particular with the character Ishmael. In Mardi he writes, But as sailors are mostly foundlings and castaways, and carry all their kith and kin in their arms and legs, there hardly ever appears any heir-at-law to claim their estate. (Melville 2004 p. 139) In Redburn, Melville writes, at last I have found myself a sort of Ishmael on the ship, without a single friend or companion. (Melville 1957 p. 60) In Pierre Melville writes, so that once more he might not feel himself driven out, an Ishmael into the desert, with no maternal Hagar to accompany him and comfort him. (Melville 1962 p. 125) Edward Edinger argues that Melville had an Ishmael complex which had two sources; personal life experience and identification with an archetypal image. (Edinger 1995 p. 23) The personal cause would be the insanity and death of his father and the ensuing hardships this caused. Melville was twelve and a half when his father died, close to the age of the biblical Ishmael who was thirteen. In addition, he was rejected by his mother, who favoured her first son. According to Arvin Newton, Melville, as an elderly man, once remarked to his niece that his mother had hated him. (Arvin 1950 p.30) The pain of his rejection is poignantly evident in the tale of Mob y Dick Most of the action is seen through the eyes of Ishmael. He will thus represent the authors ego (Edinger 1995 p. 24) Ishmael, the lone survivor of this misadventure is the story teller. At the outset of the story, Ishmael presents as one who is in pain and internal distress. He is impoverished, hostile, depressed and potentially suicidal. He heads for the sea, to Nantucket to find work on a whaler. In the past he has found sea voyages as a way of containing his internal conflict and pain. But before he can find a ship, his poverty forces him to find accommodation in a squalid inn, sharing a bed with a harpooner. When the harpooner enters the room in which Ishmael is sleeping he awakes in horror at the apparition before him, a man who appears to have just returned from the ministrations of a surgeon, his face covered with sticking plaster. But that is not the reality. The harpooner is a cannibal from the pacific, tattooed in his native islander tradition. He carries a tomahawk, a seal skin purse with the hair still attached and a shrunken head. The overall impression is alien, bizarre and terrifying to Ishmael. He watches from beneath the counterpane as the stranger uses the tomahawk as a pipe, then quietly turns into the bed with Ishmael. He is unaware of Ishmaels presence and reacts with instinctive aggression. In the fracas that follows Ishmael calls out in terror to the landlord for help. ‘Landlord! Watch! Coffin! Angels! Save me! (Melville 1992 p. 25) Peter Coffin, the landlord, soothes the moment. He introduces the men to each other and Ishmael is suddenly aware that this frightening apparition is a person, with a name. Queequeg is no longer a nameless savage, a cannibal with a shrunken head and a death dealing tomahawk. The tomahawk is also a peace pipe, and he shares the smoke from this unique instrument with Ishmael. The tomahawk-pipe has now become a symbol for both life and death, a symbol of reconciliation and peace. In this initial encounter with Queequeg a transformation is begun in Ishmael. In symbolic terms, he has embraced, in the symbolic form of Queequ eg, both death and life as indivisible partners, and when he wakes the following morning he begins to see the world from a different perspective. Ishmael understands the mixture of life and death that Queequegs tomahawk-come-pipe represents, and realizes, at least in that moment, that such experience can lead to renewal. The Obsession, Ahab demonstrates the dangers of an all consuming focus; the object of his obsession is the solitary great white whale, nicknamed Moby-Dick by the whalers. On his previous voyage, Ahab had his leg ripped off by Moby-Dick, and at the Ishmaels story begins, he has sworn to take his vengeance by hunting down and killing the great whale. It never occurs to Ahab that he lost his leg while trying to take the whales life and while in the process of killing countless other whales for monetary gain. Ahabs obsession has more to do with what Moby Dick represents than with the great whale himself. He saw Moby Dick as the prey and could not cope with the idea that he was not omnipotent in this relationship, that he was outdone by another creature. As Ahab reasons in a fiery speech to the crew of the Pequod, all visible objects are like pasteboard masks that hide some unknown but still reasoning thing. Ahab hates that inscrutable thing that hides behind the mask of appearance. The only way to figh t against it, he proclaims is to strike through the mask! Moby Dick, as a mysterious force of nature, represents the most outrageous, malevolent aspect of natures mask. To kill it, in the mind of Ahab, is to reach for and seize the unknowable truth that is hidden from all people. He cannot conceive of the concept that there is a simpler reality; he is not the master of all other species. He sees his failure to be able to take life at will as a reversal of his role as the predator and therefore can only conceive of himself now as the one preyed upon. This he cannot accept and so is driven to destroy that which in his mind denies his appropriated reality. Ahabs insane obsession and hunt for Moby Dick describes the consequences of viewing the world as a mask that hides unknowable truth. It is Ahabs frustration with the limits of human knowledge and power that lead him to reject both science and logic and instead embrace violence and the dark magic of Fedallah his demonic advisor. Like Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus, he has made a pact with the devil. Thinking he is immortal, Ahab attacks Moby Dick, striking at the mask of appearance that supposedly hides ultimate truth. His devotion to the idea that truth exists behind or beyond the physical world forces him to destroy himself in the attempt to reach it. Ahab can only relinquish his illusion by dying, or killing the object upon which his illusion has rested. Ahabs ideal ego, that is the fantasy he has of himself as one who is in control and omnipotent, is in the process of destroying his ego ideal, that is, his potential as man, captain and hunter. He believes he must eradicate the evil of the whale, but in reality, because he is caught in this doubling with the whale, he is intent on murdering himself. His passion of ignorance has overwhelmed his reason, blinded him to his own creative potential. All that is left is the passion and it knows no reason People thus reduced inflict the traumatic pain of their void on others. The evil they engender is not just about destruction but emerges from the chaotic principle of pure drive which has loss at its centre and therefore must occasion more loss. The important point is not that the symbolism of what Ahab lost, but the symbolism of the loss itself. Revenge is only sought when there has been a great loss, a loss that is seen to embody an injustice, and an injustice imposed by an enemy over whom victory should have been assured. Ahab lost his leg to a beast, an inferior creature. His quest for revenge could just as easily have been instituted by the loss of an arm, a child, or a father. The loss implies inferiority to a foe that is deemed to be unworthy of such a victory. Revenge becomes obsession because only with revenge can the world become again that which supports the adopted perception of order. For Ahab, revenge can only be perceived as the re-imposition of superiority and ascenda ncy. It is the adoption of this delusional sense of what order is, that gives rise to the monomania that attends a thirst for revenge. Ahabs loss of limb is immediate and it is personal but despite losing a leg he can still walk, he can still captain, he can still go on a whaleboat and harpoon. It is the greater loss which is the mechanism standing behind the driving revenge and his monomaniacal pursuit of it. As if to be human is forever to be prey to turning your corner of the human race, hence perhaps all of it, into some new species of the genus of humanity, for the better or for the worse. (Cavell 1998 p.154) For this reason Ahab must inflate the object of his revenge and recreate it as something larger in context. To accomplish this, Ahab must imbue Moby Dick massive power, power beyond comprehension. By placing the capacity of evil upon the whale, Ahab can fool himself into thinking that Moby Dick is a greater being than he really is and therefore his own loss appears greater than it really is. For Ahab, the delusion attendant to the psychosis of revenge suppresses the reality that he is merely a man bent on attempting to restore his lost sense of superiority. This reality is replaced with a grandiose vision of one who is a redeemer for humanity. But it is not humanity Ahab is attempting to redeem; it is his own inflated ego whose ascendancy has been usurped. By imputing to Moby-Dick a demonic power he does not really possess Ahab, blinds himself to any reality of what Moby Dick actually is, to any real strength and intelligence that the whale possesses. This blindness springs not from mere ignorance, but from a consciously willed ignorance, from the desire not to know, from the ambition not to understand. In order to sustain his delusional conception of himself, he must appoint concomitant distortion to the world which surrounds him, and particularly to the object of his obsession. Ahab desperately wants Moby Dick to be inscrutable. He wants him to be a thing that is incapable of being understood, because that enables him to categorize his nemesis as sheer evil. Therefore he is compelled to refuse any effort at understanding and it is this iron-willed ambition to remain ignorant, to label this thing as ultimate evil that generates the ironic twist whereby Ahab himself becomes the ultimate danger, the evil which he imagines he is seeking to eradicate. It is Ahab who causes the complete destruction of all that surrounds him. Evil and the Passion of Ignorance Ahab desires to attach to Moby Dick all the evil that exists in the world. Moby Dick is a creation of his infantile envious omnipotent sadistic phantasies. Ahab himself identifies the ultimately personal source of what he sees as a universal evil when he says, It was Moby-Dick that dismasted me; Moby-Dick that brought me to this dead stump I stand on now it was that accursed white whale that razeed me; made a poor pegging lubber of me for ever and a day! (Melville 1992 p.166). Moby Dick took away Ahabs ability to literally stand on his own two feet. The loss of his leg can also be seen as a symbolic emasculation and that symbolism is made all the more apparent by the fact that Ahabs quest is for a sperm whale. Moby-Dick contains sperm; Ahab does not. In his quest for revenge, all of Ahabs creative potential is voided because he cannot accept that there is a reality that is greater and stronger than himself. It is in the attempt to deny the reality and existence of that which surpasses him that he divorces himself from his own creative life potential. Captain Ahab is both the psychotic parent in command of the infant and the infant overwhelmed with his own omnipotent phantasy. In the tale of Moby Dick, Herman Melville created a character whose motives of vengeance typify the behaviour of a psychotic person. Captain Ahab, in his delusion, could not allow Moby Dick to share the same space in his paranoid and infantile world. Ahab experienced the loss of his leg as a lethal wound that was potentially reparable only by a copy-cat act of vengeance taken upon the alleged guilty Moby Dick. That intangible malignity which has been there from the beginning Ahab did not fall down and worship it, but deliriously transferring its idea to the abhorred white whale, he pitted himself, all mutilated, against it He piled upon the whales hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then as if his chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot hearts shell upon. (Melville 1991 p. 187) We Cannibals must help these poor Christians. The relationship between Ishmael and Queequeg is the antithesis of the relationship between Ahab and Moby Dick. Ishmael and Queequeg develop a relationship that is based on the recognition of their dissimilarity and separateness. Ahab and Moby Dick are joined together by Ahabs projection and obsession. With Queequeg and Ishmael, the difference is something to be explored. The relationship between Queequeg and Ishmael has a germ of creativity; that between Ahab and Moby Dick is founded on destruction and butchery. The initial encounter between Queequeg and Ishmael provokes both terror and aggression. The landlord intervenes, calming the situation and bringing them both to an awareness of the necessity of living alongside of each other. This generates a realisation in both Ishmael and Queequeg that they are both men despite the visual and cultural dissimilarities. As time passes and conversation is enjoined, they begin to comprehend both their differences and their commonly shared objectives. According to the customs of Queequegs home, Ishmael and Queequeg are married after a social smoke out of the tomahawk pipe. Queequeg gives Ishmael half of his belongings, and the two men continue to share a bed. The tattooed body of Queequeg is much like the patchwork quilt that covers them both as they sleep. These tattoos are a written narrative of the universe but no one, save the prophet who inscribed them can decipher their meaning, not even Queequeg. And this tattooing had been the work of a departed prophet and seer of his island, who, by those hieroglyphic marks, had written out on his body a complete theory of the heavens and the earth, and a mystical treatise on the art of attaining truth; so that Queequeg in his own proper person was a riddle to unfold; a wondrous work in one volume; but whose mysteries not even himself could read, though his own live heart beat against them; and these mysteries were therefore destined in the end to moulder away with the living parchment whereon they were inscribed, and so be unsolved to the last.(Melville 1992 p. 491) For Ishmael, Queequeg represents the dangerous and the forbidden for which Ishmael secretly yearns. Queequeg also symbolizes the explorative and adventurous aspect of Ishmaels personality. Once Ishmael recognizes this, his fears lessen and he embraces the savage into his life. Ishmaels initial hostility to Queequeg is a projection of the suppression of a part of his own personality. Exotic and unique, Queequeg represents the unknown. Ishmael is able to recognise this, to admit it, and to realise that his fear is due to ignorance. With this awareness comes the further realisation that he, Ishmael, must travel to the sea in order to gain life experience by exploring and embracing the unknown. The friendship between the two men, although troubled by prejudice and slow to develop into a full understanding of one anothers character, is solidified with their ‘marriage contract. They effectively become one person, illustrating the full integration of Queequegs otherness into Ishmaels personality. At the end of the book, Ishmael survives because of Queequegs coffin. In accordance with their marriage contract, Queequeg offers Ishmael protection from the sea-hawks, sharks and sea in the form of his coffin. In turn, Ishmael carries on Queequegs spirit, carved into the wood of the coffin. Queequeg represents that part of Ishmael which

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Day They Came To Arrest The Book Review :: essays research papers

My novel ‘The Day They Came To Arrest The Book’ was based upon racism in the late 70’s. An era which occurred before I existed. There are many movies and books depicting events from this time, some of which I have seen or read. I had always thought that my views on racism were somewhat close to the truth, after reading the novel I realized that I had been wrong. Therefore, this novel has altered my feelings and opinions which I had towards the treatment of the Negro race. Before I read this novel I had only ever seen the effects of racism from a white person’s point of view. After reading this I began to understand how life would have been for a black person during this time, and the effects which it would have had on their job, family and own self-esteem. The main point of the book was whether or not, 19th century novel, Huckleberry Finn should be allowed to be a part of the school’s curriculum considering its portrayal of racism. Having a mixed race school many opinions were voiced. In the novel, Huckleberry Finn was treated like the bible. The white people swore by it. To suggest it was wrong and inappropriate, as the blacks of the community did, was something which was frowned upon. Although most of the blacks recognized the fact that Huckleberry Finn held some truth of the past. Everyone is brought up differently, and most oftenly people’s views are a result of their parents views. My parents’ views on racism have swayed me lightly. Much of what I believe has been affected by today’s society itself. Since I have never experienced any first hand racism, the sort which was shown in the book, I have only this to go on. In the novel, nearly every black child sided with his/her parents. That was to throw the book out of the school. Their parents didn’t want them to be subjected to such a crude and negative portrayal of black people. Their attitude affected their children’s views. To everyone’s surprise, one child, was more open-minded. Gordon McLean a black child stated that he did not want to voice an opinion until had read the book. This I found strange considering his father, Carl McLean headed the protest committee and was the most narrow-minded person featured in the book. Carl McLean had grown up during a time where racism was alive and thriving and even though it wasn’t as strong during the present time he still didn’t want his son to go through what he must have been affected during this time.

Friday, October 11, 2019

character analysis essayof Slaughterhouse Five -- essays research pape

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Character Analysis Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slaughterhouse Five, by Kurt Vonnegut, is a novel that makes no sense in itself; yet, when put into context individually with today’s events, or life’s events in general, makes more sense then if it were clearly spelled out within the pages. By using the character of Billy Pilgram, Vonnegut conveys his points with Billy’s reactions and common characteristics. Billy Pilgram could not be any more a human then if he was actually walking amongst us. With basic characteristics of simplicity, confusion and general common sense, any one can relate to what Billy is and was going through. By successfully portraying this personality of Billy’s, Vonnegut creates a complex yet oddly simple character for audiences to follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For Billy, it truly is a gift to be simple, especially with every thing he must endure. Simplicity is a common trait that most characters in novels lack. Authors are many times trying to create such a complex character that the audience may become lost or even bored with the character. By making Billy so simple, he can create complex events that surround him. With this, Billy shows his general reactions. Without Billy delving deeply into the events, it in fact leaves room for the audience to have their own interpretation of wh...

The mortals as well as the immortals

Shakespeare in his drama â€Å" A Midsummer-Night’s Dream† has tried to show that the course of romantic love never runs smooth. He has made the readers and the viewers realize that this world doesn’t receive the lovers with garlands, rather it try to litter the path, where lovers tread, with thorns.   try their level best to keep the lovers away from tying the nuptial knots. The final consummation of lovers’ passion into marriage depends solely on their commitments to their passions and their steadfastness in achieving their goals. In this essay we will try to prove the assertion `the course of true love never did run smooth’. Shakespeare 1.1.134, supporting our viewpoints by instances taken from the drama, â€Å" A Midsummer-Night’s Dream†.Fathers and mothers-the universal, eternal and traditional enemies of innocent lovers:It happens in real life as well as Shakespeare made us see it in the drama too that fathers, mothers or both try to spoil the love-broth, that their sons and daughters cook with such warm feelings and passion. In this dram Egeus played this despicable role. He proved himself an adamant and unyielding father.He wishes his daughter to be slave to his iron will. He comes to complain to the duke against his child’s behavior who refuses to marry Demetrius .He, therefore, requests the Duke that the time-honored law of Athens, which gives full authority to a parent to dispose of his child on any way he like, should be place din his hand. He was blind to the fact that â€Å" Love obeys no law†. Though Hermia wanted her father to agree with her views but he, on the other hand, cried,â€Å"I beg the ancient privilege of Athens,/As she is mine, I may dispose of her:/Which shell be either to this gentleman/Or to her death, according to our law/Immediately provided in that case.If the passion of love is true and intense, it will get itself realized no matter how heavy the odds are:Shakes peare made the viewers and the readers realize that if the passion of love is true it will definitely be precipitate into marriage in spite of all the dangers that threaten it. Hermia’s devotedness to her love was so strong enough that she chooses to live ‘ a barren sister all her life’ than to dessert her lover and marry the other man of her father’s choice.She run away with her lover, under the spell of her passion, and succeeded in marrying the man of her choice in the end and lived happily ever after. Like wise the case with Helena who is in love with Demetrius. Such is the intensity of her passion for her lover that she said to him,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And I am sick when I look not on you.†   Shakespeare 2.1.214.  She knew that Demetrius wanted to marry Hermia but she believed in the truth of her love and thus at last succeeded in winning him over to her side. Shakespeare here suggests that true love is immensely powerful.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Animal Slaughter

Animal slaughter is a necessary evil, but unfortunately with the way It Is carried out It Is repulsive. For as long as recorded history mankind has hunted animals for survival and that practice continues today. The main use for an animal is for food: this is the oldest and the most universal form of an animal. With advancements of the world's civilization, animals were traded at markets and the owner would receive a payment for the animal's value. This process continues today. Animals are sold for larger sums to corporations that will then send the animal to a slaughterhouse and sell the meat o a deliberate.Here customers purchase the meat at inflated prices. Around the globe meat from livestock animals Is a popular Item to add to one's plate for any meal. One could have beef, lamb, pork, or even horse, but how does this animal get from a place it once thought was it's home to the customers table. The amount of stress the animal goes through before the slaughter process is astonishin g. Horses that are slaughtered regularly come from the racetrack where they were administered drugs before running a race. These drugs are harmful to humans If consumed.The health of an animal while It Is living In Its pen, cramped with many of its own breed is heartbreaking to see. The World Organization for Animal Health has helped established new regulations for slaughter, transportation and killing animals for disease control. The World Organization for Animal Health, also known as OWE, has developed basic standards that developed and developing countries now agree on. In addition to Oleo's standards, each country has specific laws and standards of their own. OWE designed the five basic standards. One, the percentage of animals stunned on the iris attempt. Two, percentage rendered insensible prior to hoisting. Three, percentage that vocalizes (moo, bellow, or squeal) during movement up the race and in the stunning box. Four, percentage that fall down, and five, percentage moved with an electric goad† (Grand 56). An animal welfare addling system that Is deemed â€Å"good† should have standards that prohibit bad practices, Like, dragging, dropping, throwing, punctilio, (which is a small knife or dagger used to cut the spinal cord. And hoisting live animals. Some examples of welfare misfortunes can be measured with the outcomes is the percentage of animals that are underfed, lame, have lesions, bruising, missed their stuns before being slaughtered or fell down during handling. The examples given are outcomes of bad practices or unacceptable conditions (Grand 57). The standards are based on conditions that are the results of poor management, neglect, abuse of the animals, or poorly designed equipment. N. G.Gregory did a review on pigs, lambs and cattle while in transport, at a livestock market and in the slaughterhouse (before being slaughtered). Many physical injuries can take place along with high stress levels. Gregory gives the world in his st udy an extensive amount of examples of the animal's welfare at the markets, during transport and at the time of slaughter. If animals have a high stress level, for pigs there is evidence that any type of strenuous exercise of CA stunning can contribute to old or stale tastes in pigs, poultry and fish.One study was done in Australia and the second in New Zealand. Over time we have learned from other studies and experience certain breeds are more difficult to handle, for example, the Limousine, Red Borrow cattle and Text sheep (Gregory 3). It is now recommended that if working tit these breeds one is experienced and accustom to the handling procedures. This will make it easier for the animal and create less stress for the animal before the slaughter period. Unfortunately for any animal, as soon as it is loaded for transport it becomes stressed.Sometimes it can even start earlier then this, during the study in Australia five out of thirteen lambs had pre-transport stress or were underf ed (Gregory 2-11). A study was done on lambs in Spain during the transportation period by G. C. Miranda- De la Lama. This study that Miranda-De la Lama performed is also helpful to animals in the United States. Miranda-De la Lama helps explain the stress created on lambs and how it can bargain with the animal's welfare during transportation. When transporting animals it is usually a stressful process, especially for the animal.A study was done in Spain with lambs during transportation. This study mainly consisted of the handling of the animal before and after transporting. Specific categories were focused on and surveyed, farmers, haulers, abattoirs (a slaughterhouse), and classification center (a temporary feedlot). A Journey of seventy- nine kilometers and average Journey time of seventy-four minutes was conducted. A questionnaire was created for all categories specified above. When preparing for transport lambs were normally separated from their first enclosure the day before bei ng transported.They were also kept off their feed for five or more hours before departing for slaughter. Many of the animals were maneuvered onto the transportation truck using plastic bags. Very few of the farms that the studies were done on did not usually have climate or environmental control or veterinarians present while the sheep were being loaded. Thankfully while lambs were being unloaded there is no reported application of sticks or electric rods. When lambs had arrived to the second farm for weight gain, they arrived weighing in at an average of 19. 6 keg, and departing at 25. 6 keg, with a stay period averaged at twenty-one days.That is rather revolting that someone can beef up an animal in a short time span. The lambs would be transported again to the slaughterhouse once the slaughter weight was met (Miranda-De la Lama 175). Many important points on the farm where the lamb is coming from incorporate poor loading facilities including not having a veterinary on site while the lambs are being loaded. Transportation can have a combination of many different stresses that can eve harmful effects on the lambs. Miranda-De la Lama states that there should be some sort of installed payment plan that will be put into action.This would help agree to terms on transportation quality of the lambs directly for the welfare of the lamb (Miranda-De la Lama 178). All attempts should be made to help decrease the level of stress on any animal heading to the slaughterhouse. Careful planning should abattoirs need to have better communication to help create a smoother traveling system. Miranda-De la Lama states in her study that a decision support system to assure animal welfare across the board for any animal should be implemented to help reduce and prevent the different welfare risks (Miranda-De la Lama 178).All possibly ways to help reduce the amount of stress of an animal should be observed and rules set into place. Thankfully, some researchers have already put this to the test. Veronique Deeds performed a study on lambs to try to pinpoint where these animals become stressed. Today, public and consumers are concerned about the welfare of animals, mainly for the discomfort of the animals that are going to be slaughtered. To elf reduce the stress of the animals during the slaughter period it is imperative to comprehend the causes of stress for the animal. The slaughter process can represent different types of stress for every animal.When Deeds conducted this study, it was done on lambs on to determine profiles measured during rearing, plasma cortical levels in blood collected at assassinations (draining blood of the animal), and metabolic activity in the dead bodies muscle. Tests showed many differences in lamb's muscles with lower pH levels produced in their meat. Even lambs that produced a high- pitched bleating had a higher muscle temperature. The more alert lambs had a higher pH after death compared to others. Any animal that has a higher pH le vel in the muscles before dying will not taste as good.These different tests of post mortem muscle metabolism and expressions of social distress predict stress during the slaughter period. Also social disturbances and the environment of the slaughterhouse contain major causes of stress (Deeds 193-202). Deeds concluded in her study that lambs showed coherence in emotional reactivity to different stressful conditions. In her current study, lambs slaughtered in a commercial abattoir, the lactating cortical levels at assassinations and post-mortem measurements of stress reactions had been related to the day of slaughter.Now, seeing how the lambs reacted on the day of slaughter, another study has been done on cows to see if it is possible to identify how the cows react to the slaughter procedure. A study on thirty-two Norman cows was done to see if it is possible to identify if cows reacted to the slaughter procedure. Along with which factors contributed to stress during the pre-slaughte r period. Many different tests proceeded with the cows to test behavioral and physiological activity. These tests consisted of but were not limited too, social separations, and human exposure.Tests showed that when cows saw other cows compared to having a human presence there was a stronger reaction. The cow's heart rate elevated and spent more time in the exit zone. A stress-inducing atmosphere can have very negative repercussions for animal welfare and meat quality. The slaughter duration begins at the animal's farm with the preparation of transport, and then ends at the moment of slaughtering the animals. Many of the cows might not become stressed to the same things as their fellow cows. All cows differ in their evaluation of stressful to the reactivity tests. Two slaughter situations were used. Limited Stress† situation and an â€Å"Added Stress† situation were used on the cows (Burette 11). Each day two cows were put to slaughter from the same pen, one for each str ess environment. A cow brought down the added stress situation had to maneuver through different hallways inside and outside, consistently hear banging from metals objects and was immediately slaughtered. A cow that was led through the limited stress situation was handled with a human and another cow was also being led. This cow heard no banging of any kind, did not need to maneuver through different hallways, and was able to be calmer with another cow by its side.The cow with a limited stress evaluation was slaughter with a lower heart rate and a lower pH level in the muscles (Burette 11-12). Since Burette concluded his study many advancements have been made, but challenges do still exist. Temple Grand helps the U. S. Get an idea of the progress and challenges in handling the animals during the slaughter process. In many slaughterhouses around the world serious animal abuse exists. Other than we re actually killing them for us to eat. Many restaurants have started auditing the U. S . Beef and pork slaughter plants.Surprisingly McDonald's has played a huge part in this. McDonald's made large improvements in the way people handle and stun the animal. McDonald's used five different measurements to start helping the way they handled and stunned the animal. â€Å"One, the percentage of animals stunned on the first attempt. Two, percentage rendered insensible prior to hoisting. Three, percentage that vocalizes (moo, bellow, or squeal) during movement up the race and in the stunning box. Four, percentage that fall down, and five, percentage moved with an electric goad† (Grand 129).Since 1996, before McDonald's began their audits, each average percentage grew. The most impressive developments were in beef. In 1996 the average first attempt to stun a cow was rated at eighty-nine point five percent. By 2003 it was ninety-eight point six percent. Even visualization has improved during stunning from 1996 was ten percent, in 2003 it was two percent (Grand 129). In 1 996 and on a total of fifty plants were audited. Many of the plants were able to significantly improve welfare of the animal y improving stunner maintenance, installing non-slip floors and better training of the staff (Grand 131).Since we have created better standards for the animal's well being in a slaughterhouse, we now have another challenge to face, drugs used on different animals. Nicholas Adman has helped the world understand more on the slaughter of race horses that were given medication known as Phenylalanine. Horse slaughter has had many attempts from animal rights activists to see the end of it. Last year alone there was about sixty seven million pounds sent across seas from the United States. Many drugs are used for horses while they are at work. The most common is known in the horse world as ‘butt', Phenolphthalein by the vet.This is the most common used drug in the horse world. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The most common slaughter horse in the U . S. Is the Thoroughbred, most commonly known as racehorses. ‘Butt' is banned for any type of human consumption. It can cause serious and lethal unique harmful effects in humans. Tests have been done during race day to horses that were given ‘butt' and then sent U. S. Horses. In this case, it can create a serious health risk for the people who ingest reseat (Adman 1270-1284). Horses should not have to be slaughtered for any reason other then it is seriously injured.Sadly they are slaughtered for many other reasons. The American Association of Equine Practitioners helps the United States get a glimpse of what its all about. The Unwanted Horse in the U. S. Is an ongoing issue for many people. Tom Lend helps give the U. S. A glance of the issue. To many people horses are seen for their beauty, poise, and the Old West and are a cultural icon. This has made it very difficult for the unwanted horse issue and the decision of ending the life of a horse. Including in this debate the horse business will usually categorize a horse as livestock, where the public tends to categorize the horse as a companion.The ‘unwanted horse' came about in 2005, from the American Association of Equine Practitioners (APE) at a meeting in Washington D. C. These unwanted horses are defined as, â€Å"those no longer wanted by their current owner because they are old, injured, sick, unmanageable, or fail to meet their owners expectations† (Lend 253). This has become a very large issue in the U. S. Many horse rescue, adoption and retirement organizations have made a dedicated and vigorous effort to provide care, funding or suitable accommodations for unwanted horses over the years.